Discrimination In The Workplace - 1423 Words

There is a general concern for the human rights of all employees in the work place, due to the demographic changes in ethnic, religious, and racial tensions in the world this brings a challenge to the government and employers to find solutions in diversity and discrimination issues. Discrimination may be appeared to be prevalent, this may cause unemployment. Anti-discrimination policies have been employed to combat discrimination in the workplace, however nothing has been done to analyse the policy. This paper will examine whether the anti-discrimination legislation is effective in the workplace to provide a fair working environment. In Australia, it is considered unlawful to discriminate based on several protected traits such as†¦show more content†¦(Arrow, 1973) The other perspective that discrimination arises due to the equal opportunity that considers cultural and institutional factors that causes the discrimination. Brzuzy (1998) have suggested that the implementation and portrayal public policy to alleviate prejudice â€Å"can set a national tone and put in place parameters of acceptable behavior†¦ also opens right and privileges to preciously excluded groups and can increase opportunities and resources†. Yet, it has been said that there is a limited evidence of if the anti-discrimination legislation is effective or not. (Lazear, 1991) There is a tendency to think that the legislation is stable, however, the legislation does change as it depends on the environmental and the political conditions. The recent effort is to counter matters of discrimination and diversity to argue that anti-discrimination is good for the organisation, not only that it avoids possible discrimination lawsuit and complaints, but also because it provides access to unexploited pool of human capital. (Dickens, 1994) Nevertheless, it has been argued that in cases that are so-called â€Å"business case† may be a concern than to be alleviated. Robinson and Dechant (1997) have stated that the benefits of a good diversity management may include an improvement in the marketplace and better problem-solving skills. It is a signification problem that there is an indication of turnover among coloured people and women, and that the absenteeismShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words   |  7 Pagesothers with prejudice because of particular features they possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be fr ee of all personal prejudices – specifically, in offices and other business surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employee experiences unfair treatment due to their race, gender, age, religionRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1205 Words   |  5 Pages Workplace Discrimination Employment discrimination manifests in a variety of forms. The most common scenario is when the employer unfairly treats job applicants and employees because of their gender, race, age, disability, nationality or familial status. Often, employment discrimination that emanates from familial status occurs because of events such as pregnancy. The employers usually take adverse and cruel actions against these employees or rather potential employees. Contextually, adverse actionRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1265 Words   |  6 Pages Why does discrimination occur at workplace? There are multiple explanation for the issue. It can be ranged from generational differences, lack of diversity training, absence of good behavior modeling, and many other reasons. In every workplace, it is consists of different cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. There are different perspectives and conversations that take place at the workplace. An individual’s aspect on race, culture, sexual orientations, gender, and political views is disparateRead MoreDiscrimination at Workplace873 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination at workplace In the USA there has been the problem of discrimination at places of work against people with disability, based on race, sex, religion in almost all quarters and this has prompted quite a number of legislations and acts to be passed in a bid to guarantee the people the access and right to use and utilize all the public amenities as well as get the right and equal treatment as an American. Vivian Pearson (2012) notes that the federal law prohibits the employer fromRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1211 Words   |  5 Pages While the world has unanimously advanced and is more accepting of change, the workplace continues to be a place of discrimination, prejudice and inequality. Discrimination is broadly defined to ‘distinguish unfavourably’, isolate; and is context based (Pagura, 2012). Abrahams (1991) described the workplace as an ‘inhospitable place’ where gender disparity and wage gaps persist (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). Among other states and countries, the Australian government actively implements and passesRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace2033 Words   |  8 Pages Despite popular belief, discrimination occurs every day worldwide. It occurs for different reasons, but is detrimental to any company or individual. The judgments that occur based on physical appearance, height, weight, gender, and race are affecting the potential professional careers of many. Many companies are limiting their full potential due to the fact that they are discriminating interviewees and employees based upon physical traits. It lessens the chances of developing a strong staffRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1276 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 112 51-A September 27, 2010 Discrimination in the Workplace In today’s society, people claim to be so open minded and tolerant in regards to other people’s beliefs, lifestyles, and appearance. However, in reality people with tattoos are often discriminated against for the way they look. Visible tattoos have a negative effect on finding employment, as well as commission based occupations, and also jobs in the childcare field. PhysicalRead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace1633 Words   |  7 Pagestaken to assure that employees and applicants enjoy equal employment opportunity. Discrimination or harassment by any supervisory or non-supervisory employee based upon the protected conditions or characteristics listed above or any other legally-protected condition or characteristic is a violation of the Code of Conduct. An employee or applicant, who believes that he or she has been the subject of such discrimination or harassment, should promptly report the alleged incident to the Owner or CFO. ARead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace919 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Discrimination is defined as making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs to rather than on individual merit (definition 2). Discrimination does not just relate to just one meaning but several, and it can be described in many ways. This action is not only offensive but hurtful as well. Denying any individual a job because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or gender is an example ofRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesmake towards gender workplace equality but gender workplace discrimination continues to be an impediment to gender equality. For the purpose of research on gender workplace discrimination, I used four journal articles. The first article, Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias, by author William T. Bielby, discusses stereotyping in the workplace. The article offers suggestions on how organizations should review their policy and procedures to minimize bias in the workplace. This article only

To what extent can I determine my own destiny Essays

‘To what extent can I determine my own destiny?’ Discuss in the light of theories, ideas and research encountered in the course. Do I act as I do through choice or are my actions influenced by factors beyond our control? This uncertainty has concerned psychologists for decades, consequently giving rise to the Autonomy versus Determinism debate. By definition, autonomy is the belief that we are free to make decisions and thus control all of our actions, however determinism contradicts this view by suggesting that all of our actions are entirely determined by the external and internal forces operating on them. Nowadays It is now commonly documented by most psychologists that it is a combination of both autonomy and determinism that†¦show more content†¦(Stevens3 1996:169) The Langer and Rodin study (1976) (Lalljee 1996:121) based in an American nursing home shows the difference between two groups of elderly residents, those that were given the chance to be autonomous were found that being in control made a critical difference to their well-being and longevity. However the residents that believed their w ell-being was reliant on the nursing staff were found to be less happy and their mortality rate was higher. This highlights the fact that to have a happy life no matter what age we need to be autonomous. Those in favour of determinism believe that behaviour is the product of internal or external forces over which we have no control. As a result, human behaviour is arranged and therefore determined. This idea is similar to that of scientific methods e.g. experiments. In an experiment we have the ability to manipulate the variables, according to determinism all behaviour is causal, by this we sense that the determinist feels we have the opportunity of controlling all human behaviour. Supporting the determinist view is the biological approach, according to biological social psychologists our behaviour is solely determined by our biological systems, they argue that we are genetically determined. Cox and Klinger 1988 (Toates 1996:55)Show MoreRelatedIdealism: Personal Philosophy Essay examples1039 Words   |  5 PagesMy Personal Philosophy There are many philosophies and beliefs that can be acknowledged and discussed in this world. Some made up and some that are supported by straight on evidence. Some most would disagree with and others most would agree with. One thing I strongly believe is that there is no right or wrong belief or philosophy, as long as you have reason to what you are speaking of. You believe what you want to believe. Everyone thinks differently. The main three topics I will share my beliefsRead More Ambition Determines the Fate of Characters in Shakespeares MacBeth766 Words   |  4 PagesAmbition Determines the Fate of Characters in Shakespeares MacBeth What a person craves for herself often determines her fate. The ambition of three characters in the play MacBeth was a key factor in the outcome of their fate, MacBeths ambition for the throne of Scotland, Lady Macbeths ambition for her husband to have power, and Banquos lack of ambition for himself. These intentions all determined the fate of these characters, as well as the outcome of the play. Being named Thane ofRead MoreCultural Context in How Many Miles to Babylon, Sive and 32a1673 Words   |  7 Pagesof a text can determine the characters and events of the text greatly. Discuss in relation to at least two texts you have studied in your comparative studies course. Texts studied: How Many Miles to Babylon, by Jennifer Johnston (HMMB) Sive, by John B Keane 32A, directed by Marian Quinn The texts I have studied as part of my comparative course are greatly determined by the cultural context of the text; we can see results of this on both characters and events of each text. In each text I have studiedRead MoreFate Or Free Will Controls Human Lives1609 Words   |  7 PagesMoreover, such a person strongly believes that he or she has no control over what happens the next moment, tomorrow, next year, or several years to come. Free will, on the other hand, is formed by the power of sanction (Aurobindo). In other words, it is consent by the spirit that it shall not be bound but that its enjoyment should be bound by time, space, and causality and by the swabhava and the dharma (Aurobindo). To determine whether fate or free will controls human lives, it is important to objectivelyRead MoreWhat And How Does It Affect Your Managerial Effectiveness?1541 Words   |  7 Pagesnegatively depending on the result. To excel with the people, I work within my MBA eventually at my workplace and life , I must work on certain aspects of my personality which are the Loci of Controls, tolerance of ambiguity and Stress, among other short and mid-term remedies to help me succeed eventually. Contents Executive Summary: ii Introduction 1 What is Locus of Control? 1 What and How does it affect? 2 How does contributes it to my managerial effectiveness? 3 How does it affect me? 4 Learning(s)Read MorePurtianism Struggles as a Religion Essay example725 Words   |  3 Pagesheaven and that his grace could not be earned. They believed that a select few were chosen at birth to go to Heaven. These select few could live their lives however they contented, yet still being allowed to go to Heaven. God would determine each individuals destiny and no man could influence or change his providence. Man will either receive redemption or condemnation, regardless of how good or bad the individual lived their life. This religion could easily be compared to the failures ofRead More Two Conceptions of Freedom or Two Appearances of a single Conception?565 Words   |  3 Pagesmake them accountable to the people, whose freedom, immunity from coercion depends on. Positive liberty, on the other hand, is, not freedom from coercion, but freedom to determine ones own destiny: it is self-determination. In this sense positive liberty is a necessary condition of human being, right to choose, right to determine ones behavior. Berlin maintains that the negative and positive concepts of liberty are quot;at no great logical distance from each other,quot; but in reality they areRead MoreHuman Nature Is Good Or Bad?909 Words   |  4 Pagesgood or bad? If we are taught what to be. Not only we are taught, but we are shaped by the world around us. I believe that we are all inherently good to begin with. Those who are â€Å"evil† only do so because they have been shaped by their surroundings and past experiences. So human nature has a conscience because of social morals and values. The formation and situation of human nature is dependent on guide lines. Other facts that can be proven as well is that kids can start young and get mentally affectedRead More Fate in Medea Essay example872 Words   |  4 Pagessubsequent choices made later on by the characters appear to be free will, however are actually influenced by fate and the gods. So what?: This makes the audience blame the gods for the overall out come, but still blame the main character for her choices. Quotes: P48 l. 1014-1015 â€Å"The gods/ And my evil-hearted plots have led to this.† P39 l. 717 â€Å"What good luck chance has brought you.† P61 l. 1416-1419 â€Å"Many matters the gods bring to surprising ends./ The things we thought wouldRead MoreMacbeth834 Words   |  4 PagesThemes in Macbeth This resource is designed as a reference guide for teachers. We have listed the major themes and motifs within Macbeth and provided examples of scenes where you can study them. Themes †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ambition Kingship Fate and free will Appearance and reality Motifs (Recurring elements and patterns of imagery in Macbeth which support the play s themes) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Nature / The natural world Light and darkness Children Blood Sleep Visions Registered charity no. 212481

History of India British Empires Era

Question: Discuss about theHistory of Indiafor British Empires Era. Answer: Introduction Politically the country has faced many problems at the time of the Famine in 1943. Because of the Famine, the political system of the country was not maintained properly and people were facing the problem of various crises within the country. 65% of the total population of Bangladesh could not meet their daily requirement. On that time Zainul Abedin came to Calcutta in 1943 to draw the cycle of living people who were suffered from the Bengal Famine in 1943 (Powell and Matthew 2016). According to the Indian History, India has faced many challenges and problems at the time of British Empire's era, and the incident of Bengal Famine in 1943 is one of them which destroyed the region of Bengal at British Indians Times. This strategic famine includes the region of current-day West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and Bangladesh country in India. These entire provinces are destroyed because of Bengal Famine in 1943. Almost 3 million people died in Famine in which around 1.5 million died because of malnutrition, disease and starvation. Though production of food was sufficient in 1943 in comparison to 1941, because of British Empire, 60% of the foods has fixed for their Army for fighting with Japanese. The Famine affected vital economic difficulties. The famine affected more on poor people (Milliken 2015). According to History, This strategy of Bengal Famine happened at the time of World War II (1939-1945). The Second World War is considered as the most spreading war in History. Due to Bengal Famine of 1943, the Second World War has been affected more economically and socially. Asia was dominated by the Japan Empire, and the War was running at the time of Famine in 1943. The Famine is considered as the second Famine in Bengal which destroyed the whole management system of British Indians (Kaur and Rajender 2014). The Great Famine of Bengal in 1943 is not only caused by the failure of the crop but was large because of increase in the urban demand. The main reason of the Famine is to increase in demand and reduction in supply. In the year December 1942, Aman rice crop has probable to be poor and unsympathetic which was hit by a cyclone and tidal influence. This influence spanned the area of 450 square miles. Another region of the Famine is the continuous increase in the supply of rice from Bengal to the other regions of India. Bengal and Bihar suffered more looses because of the Famine in 1943. The crisis of food and starvation was the major cause of the Famine in 1943 (William and Dadabhai Naoroji 2014). Bengal Famine in 1943 has affected the entire world because the Famine took place at the time of World War II. Due to this Famine, the World War II has affected most. On that time as Bengal supplied some food ingredients to the other region, these regions have faced the economic problem because of the Famine in 1943. In that case, ingredients were not provided to the other region, people of the region have suffered the social issue also because of the Famine. Most of the people were homeless and starved because of the Famine. Nazi protest also took place at the time of the Famine, and it has also suffered from some damaged because of the Famine in 1943 (Grda Cormac 2015). References Digby, William, and Dadabhai Naoroji. "Bengal Famine of 1943."Economic Political Weekly49, no. 11 (2014): 71. Grda, Cormac .Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press, 2015. Kaur, Rajender. "The vexed question of peasant passivity: nationalist discourse and the debate on peasant resistance in literary representations of the Bengal famine of 1943."Journal of Postcolonial Writing50, no. 3 (2014): 269-281. Milliken, Jason E. "Long Term Effects of Early Life Malnourishment: The Bengal Famine of 1943." PhD diss., Miami University, 2015.

Strategic Communication and Direct Action †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Communication and Direct Action. Answer: Introduction: One of the major travel destinations for the nature lovers and the adventure lovers is the Great Barrier Reef. It consists of the beautiful and exciting coral reefs that offer a great marine life attraction. Millions of tourists travel to the Great Barrier Reef every year to enjoy the nature and marine life at its best. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most valued and breathtaking natural gifts of Australia. It consists of 3000 reef systems and many beautiful islands. One of such island is the Whitsundays Island. It has a pristine and serene stretch of white sand. It is beautifully adorned with its crystal clear water and the lush green rainforests (Tourismwhitsundays.com.au 2018). The business segment chosen is the recreation segmentation. This is one of the most important sectors as people usually travel for some refreshments and recreations. So, it is of utmost importance for the Whitsundays to provide a wide variety of refreshments and other recreational activities. Scuba Doo, Reef seeing from the air, sail the reef, seawalker and many other such breathtaking and adventurous experiences help in providing the tourists with a large number of refreshing activities. Laws must also be enforced for the international travelers so that they do not try activities like hunting the marine animals or any other creatures of the island. Laws have to be enacted so that the international tourists do not plan to start any illegal business like exporting crocodile skin or the other natural resources of the island (Lance 2016). They must not use these recreational activities at the cost of harming the environment. The location of the business is the Great Coral Reef of Australia and the island was chosen is the Whitsundays Island. It usually provides a large number of marine life and other aquatic activities that are greatly cherished by the tourists. The recreation can be a source of major economic development for the local people. This is because the local people can be appointed as guides to the tourists for the different water sports. There can be many cultural events as well where the local people can display their handmade crafts or any other items made from the natural resources. The travelers must maintain the environmental sustainability by making sure that they are not throwing any garbage or litters into the sea or in and around the island. This will not only cause pollution but will also kill many of the marine animals (Ball et al. 2018). Throwing of plastics into the water must be strictly prohibited. There must be many legal regulations and acts passed so that the tourists do not get the chance of damaging the environment. Being Green is one of the initiatives taken by them so that they can control the UV rays from damaging the corals and the other marine animals. They also emphasize the ecological aspects. They have also started using many technical and technological means that will be helpful in keeping the ecological balance in the proper system (Goldberg et al. 2018). The business has started reacting to all these factors very efficiently. They are undertaking many of the modern technologically advanced methods that will be helpful in promoting sustainable tourism in the Whitsundays Island. They have set up a museum called the Historical Proserpine museum that upholds the rich cultural history of the Whitsunday Island. This museum is built and maintained with the effort of the entire community (Ryan et al. 2016). It is a cultural center that upholds all the local art and crafts made by the people of the local community. This museum serves as a good spot for the visitors and at the same time plays a good role in upgrading the local people as well. It tries to afford the education of the local people and is also a good effort towards the preservation of the society and the rich cultural history (Cheer and Lew 2017). Promoting the ecotourism must be one of the major aspects of the Whitsundays tourism industry in the future days. They must make provisions for the tourists to come and enjoy the natural aspects keeping in mind different ways of conservation of the environmental aspects as well. They must maintain the eco-certification program of Australia in order to promote environmental sustainability. References Ball, D., Bryant, S.L. and Mau, R., 2018. The interplay between tourism and conservation on islands.Australian Island Arks: Conservation, Management and Opportunities, p.165. Cheer, J.M. and Lew, A.A. eds., 2017.Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability: Adapting to Social, Political and Economic Change. Routledge. Goldberg, J., Birtles, A., Marshall, N., Curnock, M., Case, P. and Beeden, R., 2018. The role of Great Barrier Reef tourism operators in addressing climate change through strategic communication and direct action.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(2), pp.238-256. Lance, R., 2016. Great Barrier Reef.LiNQ (Literature in North Queensland),34(1). Ryan, E.J., Lewis, S.E., Smithers, S.G., Clark, T.R. and Zhao, J.X., 2016. Multi-scale records of reef development and condition provide context for contemporary changes on inshore reefs.Global and Planetary Change,146, pp.162-178. Tourismwhitsundays.com.au. 2018.Tourism Whitsundays, Queensland Australia, Whitsundays Holidays - Tourism Whitsundays QLD - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismwhitsundays.com.au/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].

Cellulose Essay Example

Cellulose Essay Discuss in my forum What is Cellulose? What is Cellulose and how is it used in food? By Bethany Moncel, About. com Guide Ads: Cellulose Foods with Starch Carbon Fiber Manufacturer Starch Oil and Water Cellulose is sometimes made from cotton. Photo by Kimberly Vardeman Ads Carbon Fiber Production www. harperintl. com Energy Efficiency Lower Operating Costs for Optimized Manufacturing Carbon Fabrics www. hindoostantech. com Carbon Woven and Unidirectional 3K-50K Plain, Twill SatinLipids for Research www. larodan. com We provide unique ranges of lipids for research, i. e Labelled Lipids See More About low-carb kitchen science food terminology Cellulose is a molecule comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and is found in the cellular structure of virtually all plant matter. This organic compound, which is considered the most abundant on earth, is even excreted by some bacteria. Cellulose provides structure and strength to the cell walls of plants and provides fiber in our diets. Al though some animals, such as ruminants, can digest cellulose, humans cannot.Cellulose falls into the category of indigestible carbohydrates known as dietary fiber. In recent years, cellulose has become a popular food additive due to its unique chemical and physical properties when combined with water. Although cellulose can be found in most plant matter, the most economical sources for industrial cellulose are cotton and wood pulp. How is Cellulose Used in Food? Fiber Supplement With rising awareness about fiber intake, cellulose has become one of the most popular food additives. Adding cellulose to food allows an increase in bulk and fiber content without a major impact on flavor.Because cellulose binds and dissolves into water, it is often added to increase the fiber content of drinks and other liquid items when the gritty texture of regular fiber supplements would be undesirable. Calorie Reducer – Cellulose provides a lot of volume or bulk in food but because it is indige stible to humans, it has no caloric value. For this reason, cellulose has become a popular bulking agent in diet foods. Consumers who eat foods with a high cellulose content feel full physically and psychologically without having consumed many calories.Thickening/Emulsifying The gelling action of cellulose when combined with water provides both thickening and stabilizing qualities in the food to which it is added. Cellulose gel acts similarly to an emulsion, suspending ingredients within a solution and preventing water from separating out. Cellulose is often added to sauces for both the thickening and emulsifying action. The thickening power of cellulose also allows for more air to be whipped into products like ice cream, or whipped topping.Cellulose allows for the production of thick and creamy food items without the use of as much fat. Anti-caking – Cellulose’s ability to absorb moisture and coat ingredients in a fine powder make it the ingredient of choice for anti -caking applications. Shredded and grated cheeses, spice mixes, and powdered drink mixes are just a few of the many food items that take advantage of cellulose as an anti-caking agent. Forms of Cellulose Cellulose can be found on ingredient lists under a variety of names, depending on which form is used.Although cellulose has the same molecular structure regardless of the source (wood pulp, cotton, or other vegetable matter), how the molecules are bonded together and whether or not they are hydrated creates different â€Å"forms† of cellulose. Powdered cellulose is the most widely used in food products and is the form of choice for anti-caking applications. Cellulose gum or cellulose gel, which are hydrated forms of cellulose, are often used in sauces or other wet items like ice cream and frozen yogurt. Cellulose may also be found on ingredient lists under the names carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or MCC.

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay

HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay HSC Diabetes Insulin Resistance Essay 19 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Food and Nutrients in Primary Care Mark Hyman, M.D., Jayashree Mani, M.S., and Russell Jaffe, M.D., Ph.D. INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on solutions to obesity and diabetes that are cost and outcome effective, evidence based, and encouraging in their potential to improve health while lowering health care costs. These two disorders now exceed malnutrition in global public health costs and life lost. Recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data of Americans 2003–8 show that nearly 75% of the US population is now overweight [1]. Childhood obesity has increased threeto fourfold since the 1960s [2]. In 1980, no states had obesity rates over 15%; by 2010, every state had an obesity rate greater than 20% [3]. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Diabetes prevalence has risen sevenfold since 1983. In 2010, diabetes was diagnosed in approximately 25 million adults in the United States, including a prevalence rate of 26.9% in seniors 65 years [4]. Diabetes and obesity together also place an enormous economic burden on our society. The direct and indirect annual costs of obesity in the United States are $113 billion and $174 billion for diabetes, cumulatively $3 trillion over the past decade [5]. The problem is also expanding globally. In China, 92 million individuals have diabetes, 60% of whom are undiagnosed. Another 148 million have metabolic syndrome, 100% of whom are undiagnosed [6]. Overweight and obesity are, for the majority, markers of a single unifying metabolic d ­ ysfunction. Population wide, risk stratification is based on profiles of body weight associated with increased risk. Overweight is expressed as a body mass index (BMI) 25; obesity is defined by a BMI 30. Health risks increase progressively with higher BMI. Clinically, this profile is less useful than considering metabolic dysfunctions as a continuum from optimal insulin sensitivity to end-stage diabetes. In childhood, both low weight and accelerated weight gain affect glucose tolerance and the risk of type 2 diabetes [7]. In adulthood, weight gain is the primary precursor to diabetes. This spectrum 373 374 Advancing Medicine with Food and Nutrients, Second Edition has been referred to as â€Å"diabesity† and is a more useful clinical concept, focusing on mechanism rather than phenotype for obesity. MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY Obesity shortens lifespan by nine years of life for the average person [8]. In adolescence, obesity creates the same risk of premature death as heavy smoking [9]. Diabesity along the entire continuum of metabolic dysfunction is the primary driver of diabetes, cardiovascular disease [10], stroke, dementia [11], cancer [12], and most chronic disease mortality [13]. A recent 40-year prospective study of 4857 Pima Indian children found that the major predictor of premature death was insulin resistance, not hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Pima Indians in the highest quartile of glucose intolerance had a 73% increase in early death rate compared to those in the lowest quartile [14]. In the past, when these same Native Americans lived an active nomadic life they showed little evidence of insulin resistance. This suggests that insulin resistance is a classic epigenetic or lifestyle-acquired condition, based largely on how we eat, drink, think, and live. MAJOR STUDIES ON LIFESTYLE FACTORS We know from the evidence that lifestyle is an important factor in the development of insulin resistance. In one diabetes prevention trial, evidence for the importance of exercise and nutrition became so compelling that it was deemed unethical to deny exercise and good nutrition to the control group and the study was halted [15]. As a result of this type of data, we no longer take lifestyle for granted [16]. In the 27-center study cited here, researchers found that when patients at risk for diabetes lost just eight pounds through regular exercise, the incidence of type 2 diabetes was reduced by 58%. RISK

Samsung's International Business Research Paper

Samsung's International Business - Research Paper Example Samsung is one of the largest manufacturers that are semiconductors. In South Korea, Samsung is the largest electronics company that dominates the electronic market in the country and its neighbors. The ability to dominate in the area was as a result of the high quality products that the company produced. The products were of great quality hence their increased demand (Davis and Guy 67). Being able to evenly dominate the electronic markets in the locality, the company has gained the loyalty from the customers thus being much easier for it to earn more profit that has propelled its extension to the rest of the world. Dominance of the company’s electronics especially the mobile phones bring about the growth and the development of the company’s brand name (Hill and Karen 89). Through the creation of an adverse environment for its products the company can now efficiently undertake its product manufacture without worries of whom; to be the consumers as they already has an existing market. In promoting the international business, the company has established various marketing strategies that have made it much more effective to operate in the foreign countries. The company’s ability to set several subsidiary companies is one of the greatest achievements in promoting international business. The subsidiaries found in most of the countries where they find it conducive to manufacture and assemble their products. The availability of skilled labor, raw materials and market are the major criteria used in selecting the suitable geographical location to set up their branch. The branches help in the satisfaction of customers in the different localities all over the world. Through the branches, the customer satisfaction is  usually attained. This is because; the clients can easily and efficiently get the products of their choice hence enhancing their loyalty through the

Perspective on Marriage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Perspective on Marriage - Term Paper Example Celibacy discrimination on the other hand seems to have no significance to me. Callahan (chapter 13) implies that greed and sexual desire often tend to distort the human mind. This is a significant and valid point since the urge for sexual satisfaction often produces self-deception that blind or affect the mind. For example, the Catholic Church has continuously been plagued by cases of sexual abuse. The need for sexual gratification is the major reason for these crimes. When under sexual arousal, people mostly do not think in a straight manner hence they often commit actions which are against the church teachings. The catholic priests molest their young children since they need to be satisfied sexually. Therefore, the desire for sexual satisfaction leads to various forms of abuses such as rape, sexual harassment prostitution and transmission of diseases. Equality in marriage is a necessity for any successful marriage. The church advocates for equality in marriage. This progressive Christian sexual tradition is unappreciated since people are used to equality between sexes, autonomy and free consent. However, the tradition is appreciated in societies where the female population is oppressed and controlled. As such, equality in marriage is a significant and valid point put across by the author. The church prefers celibacy to marriage. This point is retrogressive and backward since it describes celibacy as the best and maybe only way to achieve or attain holiness. The notion is as a result of the prejudices put forward against the female body. The concept as such demeans women and depicts them to be unholy and dirty. To begin with, people often confuse the notion of love with committed love. They tend to think that a one is mainly attached with the other. However, this is not the case. On the other hand, there is a clear difference between love and committed love. As a sentiment, love is generally

Media Representation on the Conflict in the Middle East Research Proposal

Media Representation on the Conflict in the Middle East - Research Proposal Example The events in the world like the twin tower bombing on September 11, 2001, in New York City, Washington DC and Pennsylvania and the numerous wars that occurred in the centuries will be indelibly impressed on the minds of millions, if not billions, of the world’s inhabitants. Where were you when you heard the news on the attack on the World Trade Center in New York and on the Pentagon in Washington? What was your reaction to the news on TV, Internet and newspaper when war broke out in the Middle East, learning that the US is installing their troops in Afghanistan? What’s your idea of Bin Laden? Who is he? How did you feel about the story of Hitler and the Holocaust? How far has man reached in pursuit of self-destruction? The incredibly swift destruction of so much property and lives has given mankind reason to pause and reflect. But what was the role of media in representing these events? Isn’t it a normal happening nowadays to hear and view of such news? Artists and Their Shock Tactics to Imply Change. In truth, scene of war has been displayed dozens of times in art galleries in different forms. People get used to it. They find beauty in it—that is, the bloody sprawl of bodies on the floor while heroically winning a battle over the battle, butchering brothers and neighbors of a different race. What do you think is the purpose of the artists in displaying the gruesome effect of the scene? What was the reaction of the art’s appreciator? Is it some kind of a form of a shock tactic? As viewed by Juliet S. Samuel of The Harvard Crimson online edition, shock tactics in the name of art are nothing new, whether it’s excrement smeared on the Virgin Many (Chris Ofili), crucifixes submerged in urine (Andres Serrano), or Danish artist Marco Evaristti exhibiting live goldfish in functional blenders.

Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System Model

Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System Model Introduction Since Florence Nightingale introduced Nursing profession, it is continuously evolving in order fit in modernized world. The outgrowth profession propels it into scientific enquiry, and diverted towards evidence base practice. All these artistic ideas draw bases for using theatrical framework. Although first theoretical framework was introduced by Florence Nightingale entitled as environmental theory to promote health of individual after the experience solders care during Crimean war (Florence Nightingale, 1860). Utilization of theories becomes more common, since nursing professional practice as it expand towards higher educational degrees, and get enrolled in administration and research fields. Up to date many theories are introduced. This paper presents the LCM perspective including the assumption, characteristic of concepts, sub concepts, and their statement of relationship. This paper then gives a brief review of NSM. Following this the paper will present compares and contrast for LCM theory and NSM perspectives including main concepts, nursing intervention and outcomes with practical application of interventions of each model. I select Levine Conservation Model as its nursing goal focus to achieve health for person using careful assessment and nursing intervention and matched to Neuman system model. Moreover this model was used in variety of setting including hospital and community. Few applications of LCM includes: Promotion for preterm Infants (Mefford, 2004), Ostomy wound management (Leach, 2009). Levines Conservational Model (LCM) perspective Myra Levine was the nurse to whom Loyola University president awarded the title of renaissance woman as an appreciation for using vast knowledge in nursing care (Alligood, 2010 Tomey). She developed conservation theoretical framework, as an attempt to teach medical surgical nursing concepts to undergraduate nursing students and to provide a new approach to associate degree students for daily nursing activities in 1973 (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010) by influencing scientific knowledge that she gained from Canon; fight and flight response, Selyes, stress work, and Gibsons, perception of environment. The goal of this theory was to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness using the principles of conservation (George, 2010). LCM framework constructed on three major concepts and few sub concepts the major concepts are explained explicitly but the sub concepts are remain implicit. Following section of paper will explain the major concepts and sub concept embedding within major concepts. The major concepts that form the basis of conservation Model are; conservation of energy, adaptation and wholeness, among these the conservation of energy considered most important. Levine (1971), describe conservation with four principles these includes; conservation of energy, conservation of the structural integrity, conservation of the personal integrity, and the conservation of the social integrity, of the individuals. Levine (1971) further says understanding of all these principles will help nurse as to keep living system together which promote wholeness. The first principle of energy conservation, depend on environmental stimuli that often become source for loss of energy consequently disequilibrium of whole. LCM talks internal and external environment. In internal environment includes physiological (temperature, blood pressure) and altered physiological process. Then she split external environment into three levels, off these three first is perceptual, take account of the individuals sense of world, second level in cooperate physical aspect such as microorganisms, and third level is conceptual and which is comprise of cultural pattern symbolized by way of life. While caring patient Levine emphasize nurse to assess individuals response and capability for adjusting with both environmental situations and help accordingly (Alligood Tomey, 2010). The second principle of conservation relates to structural integrity and focus on defense ability of the body, which nurse can recognize from functional abilities challenged by internal and ext ernal environment. Then the third principle conservation of personal integrity deals with personal protection by promotion of self actualization. The last principle; conservation of social integrity refers persons family, friends, community, and society which could be achieved using the nurses role by assisting in religious activities and using of interpersonal relationship (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010). The second concept in conservation theory is adaptation. Levine (1966) view adaptation as physiological and behavioral responses of individuals that changes as a result of internal and external environmental interaction to achieve balance in life. In Levine (1966) view a successful adaptation helps to achieve personal integrity consequently will helps person to move towards wholism. However in case of unsuccessful adaptation nurse can help individuals to achieve balance by promoting the environmental cleanliness, safety, and com-fort, both physical and mental. Furthermore George (2002) proposes three characteristics adaption process that appear implicit as sub concepts. These are historicity that focus the way of dealing life situation in past and the second specificity includes pattern of personal and genetic forces used to conserve energy The third sub concept that helps to assess adaptation is redundancy, means fail-safe bodys process available for survival. In LCM the third concept is wholeness, refers the health which is the pattern of wellbeing, and integrity. Well being is the goal of adaptive change (Alligood, 2010) All together the conservation of energy concept is viewed as an outcome, adaptation as process to achieve wholeness (see Appendix A for concept and sub concept). Neuman System Model (NSM) Review The NSM introduced by Betty in 1971, Known as identification stressors and management stress model. The aim of model was to promote the stability (health) in individual. This model is considered unique in nature as it uses the knowledge from various disciplines. The important one includes, general system theory which reflects the nature of living organism as an open system, but also incorporates knowledge from Selyes stress theory, Gestalt theory: of homeostasis, deChardin Philosophy wholeness of life and Caplans Conceptual Model of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Levels of Prevention. NSM perspective is based on assumptions that are enclosed in four nursing paradigm these are person, environment, health and nursing. NSM perspective focused to assess stressors with its degree of reaction and promote health by using three level of prevention as nursing intervention. The central view starts from wholeness of person (consist of individual, family or community group) represent within boundaries of defense circles. Of these boundaries outer one is flexible line of defense (FLD), next to this is normal line of defense (NLD) following this there is line of resistance. Each of these boundaries viewed as a composite of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables. The function of these boundaries is to protect person from environmental stressor as person is constantly interact environmental stressors consist of intra, inter and extra-personal. Then environment viewed as internal, external and created. Health is denoted as stability, con sidered as dynamic in nature which can be achieved by successfully adjusting to environmental stressors. On other hand system is challenged by environmental situation despite of using energy in other means the three types of defense lines that exist around client, considered as protective barriers fails to protect system from stressors. The state then recognized as illness, which can be reconstituted by using of three level of prevention as nursing intervention that are used to strengthen the three lines of defense (George, 2002; Alligood Tomey 2010). For further understanding of concepts (see NSM in Appendix B). Compare and Contrast for NSM and LCM Completing the review of LCM and NSM, now this section will compare and contrast these models from the perspective of background, nursing goal, major concepts including nursing intervention. Starting from the background, both the models are developed by American nurses who had different background. Levine was from medical surgical and Betty Neuman belonged to psychiatric nursing. Both model published in 1973. And both used the knowledge from various disciplines, in which Selyes stress work is common. Including all above, both model set to achieve goal of health for individuals, families, communities, and populations at large using some similar and some different concepts, pattern of assessment and nursing interventions. Coming towards major concepts it is observed from literature (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010; Alligood Tomey, 2010) that LCM consist few simple concepts (see Appendix A) but NSM comprise of many complex concepts (see Appendix B). Upcoming few paragraphs will present co mpare and contrast for few major concepts that are common and take central place in each theoretical model. Wholeness Both, NSM LCM uses the concept of wholeness very explicitly attaching with component of person, environment, health, and nursing. Within NSM wholeness in connection to person viewed in link of five variables physiological, consist of structure of body and its function psychological, comprise of mental processes and internal and external environmental effects, socio-cultural, and include cultural aspects developmental, seen with stages of ages and spiritual beliefs and influences. In contrast LCM considers person as complete whole in the view of physiological variable only. But also includes patho-physiological condition as an assessment indicator. Following this Neuman and Levine both also see wholeness as a product of internal and external environmental interactions. This means all individuals are constantly interacting with internal and external environment and adjustment with its challenges, keeps person integrated whole, and failure takes person towards illness. As Alligood Tom ey (2010) state wholeness is viewed as oneness and described as integrity of person Furthermore Alligood (2010) Wholeness is health (p. 214). Next wholeness with nursing component is emphasized as an approach of assessment and consider for promotion. Assessing wholestic approach suggests including client variable in assessment. NSM include five variable, therefore it is believed that this model allow for comprehensive assessment. Opposite to this LCM focus on physiological including path- physiological condition, seems simple but set limitation and may leaves gaps in assessment. Coming to promotion of wholeness NSM include nursing intervention with three level of prevention. Reverse to this LCM model use conservation principle As Mefford,(2004) show example by health promotion for preterm infants. Conservation NSM take energy conservation concept viewed as a process of helping in promoting wholeness but presented in an implicit way using the term negentrophy and does not stand as central idea. In NSM energy and conservation of energy refers persons genetic makeup, strength and weakness and maintained in view of line of defense. Neuman 2002, 1995, 1989, 1982) cites negentrophy [is] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a process of energy conservation (Alligood, Tomey 2010, p.312). The characteristic of variable can boost the energy sources. But it could deplete if line of resistance fail to protect the basic energy resources, which may cause illness consequently death. Comparing to this in Levine model conservation concept appear as central phenomenon and it forms bases for its framework. Todaro-Franceschi (2001) state Levine defines conservation as keeping together. She use these words as she see person as patient who requires help to store energy. Furthermore Levine (1967) cites that all of fundamentally lif es processes dependent upon the production and expenditure of energy (Todaro-Franceschi, 2001). Furthermore Levine believes safeguard of energy sources is necessary to maintain the integrity of individuals and consequently health. To make its implication simple Levine gave four principle of conservation; these include conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and the social integrity (George, 2002). Although both the model sees conservation of energy in deferent way, do invites nurse to study the characteristic of energy provide guide to plan appropriate activities for its conservation. Adaptation Again NSM talk about adaptation process implicitly embedded with wellness and illness concepts. Which in NSM depend upon the level of penetration of environmental stressors (Alligood Tomey, 2010) As George (2002) says when client interact with environment produce response to stressor help to adapt or control stressor. Adaptation is process which occurs with the help of line of defense. There are three level defense network laid around the person to protect the penetration of stressors. Among these first outer line is called flexible line of defense (FLD), which provide protection to normal line that is second outer line in case of stressors attack. Lacks of nutrition, fatigue or daily stress are the circumstances that make FLD to come in action. The second line is normal line of defense (NLD) that lies under the protection of FLD symbolize the normal wellness level of the client system. This line is consisting of coping patterns, lifestyle factors, developmental, spiritual, and cult ural matter influences. If the NLD is been attacked by environmental stressors, the LOR are activate to protect the basic structure. (Alligood, 2010). On other hand in Levine model the adaptation is second most central phenomenon of LCM and Levine (1966) states any processes that ascertain stability for life are regard as adaptations and George (2002) highlights that the conservation depend of process of adaption. Successful adaptation promotes health whereas failure of adaption introduces illness. For this situation LCM considers nursing to play role to promote adaptation (Alligood, 2010). Conclusion By comparing the perspective of NSM and LCM it has been learnt that both theorist focus on achievement of health through using uniqueness methodologies. Despite using different concepts and framework, these theories guide for nursing assessment and intervention. Moreover this comparison explains that the NSM is broad and provide rich content for comprehensive assessment and nursing care. On other hand LCM appear with energy conservation focus. From all this it is gained that nurse needs to understand explicit and implicit concepts of theoretical framework to assess and plan efficient nursing interventions.

Inner Happiness in Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea Essay

Inner Happiness in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hemingway's view of human nature was that happiness was rare and was found within a man and not in his outside circumstances or surroundings.   Hemingway illustrates this in three ways.   First, he portrays the human nature of Santiago, the main character, as being one of humility and compassion, full of strength and pride.   He is shown not as a gleefully happy man, but one who meets life with a serene, quiet resilience.   Second, Santiago's fellow villagers are shown as shallow and materialistic, with a narrow view of life compared to his.   Their focus on appearances is in sharp contrast to Santiago's focus on intrinsic values.   Third, it will be shown that his rare brand of happiness comes from within.    Poignant circumstances surrounded the composition of this novel, which bring out many of the above points. It is widely recognized that Hemingway was possessed of a turbulent personality and suffered from emotional depression.   This was despite the fact that he enjoyed much critical acclaim.   The Old Man and the Sea was written after a ten-year hiatus of public and critical approval. This period saw much of his work receive negative criticism in literary and journalistic circles.   This affected Hemingway adversely and very deeply (Carey 9).   Therefore, Hemingway's personal battle with seeming failure in his life's work and society's attendant criticism parallel Santiago's stoic resolve in the face of his neighbors' disdain.   The author's struggles symbolically match those of Santiago and set the stage for the writing of this novel.    The acclaim generated by this book was due largely to the author's   " complex knotting of spiritual and phys... ... Gardiner, Patrick. Schopenhauer. Middlesex, England: Penguin , 1963.   Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Hutchins, Robert Maynard, ed. Great Books of the Western World. 54 vols. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952. Vol. 1.   Plato. The Dialogues of Plato. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. Great Books of the Western World. 54 vols. Chicago:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1952. Vol. 7. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Counsels and Maxims. Trans. T. Bailey Saunders. Amherst, New York:Prometheus Books, 1995.     - - -.   On the Basis of Morality. Trans. E.F.J. Payne. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.   1965.     - - -. The Wisdom of Life. Trans. T. Bailey Saunders. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1995.   Waggonner, Eric. "Inside the Current: A Taoist Reading of The Old Man and the Sea" Hemingway Review Spring 1998.     

Unit 1-7 Test

Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Most people can think at _______ times the rate at which most people talk. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 3 to 4| | | | | Question 2 0 out of 2 points | | | Defining a computer as â€Å"a programmable electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data† represents what type of meaning? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| denotation| | | | | Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | The answer to all of the following questions can help you avoid self-fulfilling prophecies except:Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Why can't I compete with others who do the predicted behavior? | | | | Question 4 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following questions can help you find ways to become more other-oriented? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| all of the above| | | | | Question 5 0 out of 2 points | | | Self-awareness, an understanding of your core identity, isAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| all of the above. | | | | | Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | | Howard Giles' Communication Accommodation TheoryAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| claims that when another group is attractive and powerful, we adapt our communication style to their speech behaviors and norms| | | | |Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Immediately after listening to a short talk, most of us cannot accurately report _____ percent of what was said. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 50| | | | | Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Researchers suggest that _____________ percent of the meaning we generate when interacting with others may be conveyed through nonverbal behaviors. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 60 to 70| | | | | Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | | Your textbook presents seven key elements of effective communication. The first element on that list isAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Self| | | | Question 10 2 out of 2 points | | | ______________ is the ability to restate what people say in a way that indicates you have understood what they mean. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Paraphrasing| | | | | Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | | On average, we spend approximately ____________ of our communicating time listeningAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 40-70 percent| | | | | Question 12 0 out of 2 points | | | Why are many people confident when asked to sing in a choir, but nervous when asked to sing solo? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| fear of the spotlight| | | | Question 13 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following is not a characteristic of paraphrasing? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| the ability to repeat exactly what a person has said| | | | | Question 14 0 out of 2 points | | | If you are willing to stand up for yourself in appropriate ways to fulfill your needs, you are practicingAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| self-assertiveness| | | | | Question 15 0 out of 2 points | | | Immediacy strategies refer toAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| the extent to which you seem approchable or likable. | | | | Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Members of most work groups interact with one another at Hall'sAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| social distance| | | | | Question 17 0 out of 2 points | | | Which media was used extensively to report events and opinions during citizen uprisings and protests in Iran in 2009? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Twitter| | | | | Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | A study by the Business-Higher Education Forum listed _________________ as the most important skill area for career preparation in college.Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| oral communication skills| | | | | Question 19 0 out of 2 points | | | What type of listening enables you to identify and understand a person's feelings or motives? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| empathic listening| | | | | Question 20 0 out of 2 points | | | Good listeners use their extra thought speed toAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| summarize main ideas| | | | | Question 21 2 out of 2 points | | | In Latin, the word credo meansAnswer| | | | | Corr ect Answer:| â€Å"I believe. â€Å"| | | | | Question 22 2 out of 2 points | | If the word â€Å"computer† evokes a negative image of an increasingly complex software nightmare that frustrates and infuriates you, what type of meaning is influencing your response to the word? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| connotation| | | | | Question 23 0 out of 2 points | | | Identify the function of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal messages in the following example: When David asks Elaine whether she was able to buy any more of the on-sale Saran Wraps, she nods as she says â€Å"yes† while holding up three fingers and says â€Å"three. â€Å"Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| repeats the verbal message| | | | | Question 24 out of 2 points | | | Mindfulness requiresAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| all of the above| | | | | Question 25 2 out of 2 points | | | Anthropologist Edward T. Hall identifies four zones of interaction used by most North Americans. Which of the followin g answers is NOT one of Hall's zones? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| business distance| | | | | Question 26 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements about the nature of nonverbal communication is described in the following sentence: â€Å"Depending on the circumstances and occasion, a laugh can be interpreted as amusement, approval, contempt, scorn, or embarrassment. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Nonverbal communication is highly contextual. | | | | | Question 27 0 out of 2 points | | | What percent of women in the United States feel unhappy about their weight and want to be thinner? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 75-80%| | | | | Question 28 2 out of 2 points | | | The Communication in Action feature in Chapter 6 explains that tattoos and body piercings can affect a person's credibility in all of the follwoing ways exceptAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| tattoos and body piercings have permanent and serious effects on a person's health| | | | | Question 29 ou t of 2 points | | | While preparing for a corporate job interview Richard pays careful attention to selecting appropriate clothing (including a long-sleeved blue shirt to hide his tattoo), reminding himself to smile and establish eye contact with the person who will be interviewing him, and answering questions in a strong, confident voice. What aspect of nonverbal communication has Richard failed to consider? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| none of the above| | | | | Question 30 2 out of 2 points | | | According to Hofstede's dimensions of culture, which country is ranked #1 in terms of masculine values?Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Japan| | | | | Question 31 0 out of 2 points | | | According to the 2000 Census, 75% of the people living in the United States were white. By 2006, _______________ of people living in the United States were white. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 56. 6%| | | | | Question 32 0 out of 2 points | | | According to your textbook, people who believe that t heir culture is better than other cultures or that their culture should be the role model for other cultures would be classified asAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| ethnocentric| | | | Question 33 0 out of 2 points | | | Identify the function of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal messages in the following example: You say the words â€Å"I'm angry† with a loud volume, forceful gestures, and piercing eye contact. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| accents the verbal message| | | | | Question 34 0 out of 2 points | | | The two most common fears among North Americans areAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| fear of snakes and fear of public speaking| | | | | Question 35 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following religions is the oldest?Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Hinduism| | | | | Question 36 0 out of 2 points | | | In order to maintain a positive self-concept we often try to make ourselves look good byAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| doing all of the above. | | | | | Questio n 37 0 out of 2 points | | | Research suggests that leakage cues (unintentional nonverbal behaviors) may reveal deceptive communication. Which of the following answers describes a leakage cue? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| higher pitch, vocal tension, and longer pauses| | | | |Question 38 0 out of 2 points | | | In which interactional context does a limited number of people, usually two, interact for the purpose of sharing information, accomplishing a specific goal or maintaining a relationship? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| interpersonal communication| | | | | Question 39 0 out of 2 points | | | The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons is referred to asAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| communication apprehension| | | | | Question 40 out of 2 points | | | Marguerite is a conscientious member of her work team. her listening style, however, annoys some of the other members. She tends to be an impulsive decision ma ker who rarely weighs the pros and cons of her decisions. What is Marguerite's listening style? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| time-oriented| | | | | Question 41 2 out of 2 points | | | People who exhibit effective nonverbal communication skills tend to haveAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| all of the above| | | | | Question 42 0 out of 2 points | | If you are thinking about your upcoming vacation plans rather than llistening carefully to your friend's problem, you are preoccupied byAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| internal noise| | | | | Question 43 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following is the best example of an abstract word? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| fairness| | | | | Question 44 2 out of 2 points | | | A corporate CEO relates that when he fumbled his way through a speech and started to ramble, he noticed that he was losing listeners and then became even more unnerved.The CEO was reacting toAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| feedback| | | | | Question 45 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is an inference? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| Rodney does not care about the group's project. | | | | | Question 46 0 out of 2 points | | | Your textbook defines communication as the process of using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within and across variouscontexts, cultures, and channels. Which term in this definition refers towhere, when, and under what circumstances you communicate?Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 3. context| | | | | Question 47 2 out of 2 points | | | According to your textbook, ________________ communication refers to the interaction of three or more interdependent people who interact for the purpose of achieving a common goal. Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| group| | | | | Question 48 2 out of 2 points | | | According to your texbook's definition of culture, which of the following groups of people meet this definition? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| All of the above| | | | |Question 49 0 out of 2 points | | | Anthropologist Edward T. Hall studies spatial relationships and how the distance between people communicates information about their relationship. He refers to this tendency asAnswer| | | | | Correct Answer:| proxemics| | | | | Question 50 0 out of 2 points | | | What are the distance parameters most North Americans use when interacting with close personal friends and family members? Answer| | | | | Correct Answer:| 18 inches to 4 feet| | | | | Sunday, October 7, 2012 8:04:08 PM CDT OK

Country Lovers Essays

Country Lovers Essays Country Lovers Essay Country Lovers Essay â€Å"Country Lovers† written by Nadine Gordimer is a story of an inter-racial love between a slave and her master’s son. It demonstrates how the prejudice and racism destroys the innocent. To have a deeper understanding of the story, and understand what the author seeks to communicate through it, one must analyze the underlying theme (Clugston, 2010). â€Å"Country Lovers† is a story set in the time when owning African Americans was acceptable in society. In this story, children of slaves and slave owners would play together until they went off to school.A love grew between Thebedi, a slave’s child, and Paulus, the son of the slave owner. As the children grew, so did their love for one another although, the relationship between the two was not socially acceptable in this time (Trump, 1986). When Paulus came home from college for the Christmas holidays, Thebedi and Paulus met down by the river. Together they shared in an intimate relationship which resulte d in Thebedi becoming pregnant, of which she kept secret from Paulus.Thebedi married Njabulo when she was about eighteen years of age and two months later the baby was born. It was not a dishonor for a black woman to be pregnant before marriage; often times sexual relations occurred before marriage in order to assure the woman was able to have children. When the child was born it was evident that it was a mixed child, but Njabulo did not complain and went out and purchased diapers, clothes, and powder.Paulus, knowing nothing of a child, comes home from boarding school and overhears the servants talking of Thebedi and her child. He goes to see Thebedi and finds the rumors to be true. The next day Paulus returns to find the infant sick. Thebedi remains outside but can hear soft grunts from the baby. The next morning the baby is found mysteriously dead. The theme of racial prejudice is rich throughout this story. The story opens, and within the first paragraph, one recognizes that bias es are a sign of

To His Coy Mistress

To His Coy Mistress Free Online Research Papers My Grandmother is what some would consider a feminist. She believes that woman have the potential to do anything but men hold them back. My Gram has very strong feelings about a woman’s role and how men play into it. Being extremely close with my Grandma has imprinted these views and ideas on to me. My Grandmother tells me that I can do anything I want and I don’t need a man to help me. She also tells me that I can be â€Å"choosy† and not to settle for less than perfect. Her last major view is don’t let a man disrespect you in any form. Having these views when reading, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† these views shone through with my interpretation. This poem by Andrew Marvell, is a poem that is open for interpretation. One can view it as that the male character is madly in love with this woman and he is telling her to seize the day. The other way to view it, the way that I view it, is that the male character is a just a man looking for sex fr om this woman. Never the less, the poem contains many components that make it so beautiful. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is about a man pleading with a woman to have sexual intercourse with him. He persistently tells her that there is no time and they have to do it as soon as possible. The male character in this poem, to me, is generally looking for sex. I do think he loves her but wants the sexual aspect of their relationship more than anything. This poem has three parts. The first part is him saying if they had enough time they would have the world. He also tells the girl that if there were was enough time, they would be able to take it slow, but there is not so they need to do it now. In the second part he is saying they don’t have enough time and death is coming. The third part is saying that now they have to satisfy each other. I believe the theme of this work is â€Å"carpe diem†, live each day in Latin. Marvell’s main goal in this poem is to tell the reader to live you life to the fullest because you never know what tomorrow holds. No matter how one interprets what the male character is saying to the mistress or what he expects of it, the theme is live your life and do not dawn on the past. I believe Andrew Marvell’s life and his past up to writing this poem has a great influence on and a main reason why he wrote it. Marvell received a scholarship to Trinity College in 1638. A few days later he received the news of his mother’s death. Unfortunately, two years later his father passed away as well. After undergoing these tragedies at a young age, Marvell didn’t give up and throw his life away. Marvell continued to be very successful through the duration of his life. He was fully involved in politics and wrote several successful poems and earned a very good salary. A lot of people would give up and waste their lives away after going through what he went through. Marvell’s message in this poem is to not let life get you down when something bad happens. Live each day like it is your last because eventually good will come, and live it fully because you don’t know when your end will come. Marvell makes use of allusion, metaphor, and imagery in order to convey a mood of endurance and to explicate the theme of carpe diem. Marvell makes reference to past and future events on a scale. His allusions to religious scripture early on in the poem give the impression of vast ages passing, spanning most of time itself. The period from ten years before the flood until the conversion of the Jews crosses a massive amount of time. Another such technique is the metaphor. Lines 11-12 read, My vegetable love should grow / Vaster than empires, and more slow. The first line makes the narrators love a slow-growing vegetable. Such a growth would take far longer than humans to live and be greater than an entire empire. Personally I think that Marvell‘s attempt at portraying his theme is the imagery. We would sit down, and think which way / To walk, and pass our long loves day is free of the pressures of age. Not only are they walking, which implies calmness, but they are sittin g down and considering which way to walk. This carefree attitude is unusual in this poem because its entire goal is to tell the reader to live each day because you don’t know when your last day is. The theme is also repeated through out the poem that there is no time. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, is written in iambic tetrameter. It is also written in an A, A, B, B rhyme scheme. Marvell took the concept of carpe diem and transformed it into a beautiful poem with many techniques that supported it. The male character was trying to express that time was limited in live to the female character. The interpretation of whether he was sincere about his love for her or just another man looking for something sexually is up to the reader. The main concept of the poem is to live your life, carpe diem. Research Papers on To His Coy MistressMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Job Analysis & Design in the Organization Essay

Job Analysis & Design in the Organization - Essay Example 6. Promoting the organization as an employer of choice. Employee Interaction: 1. Supervision of the activities of all staff members in the Human Resources Area. 2. Determining the number and type of positions that need to be created and filled in the HR Department, as well as judging the competencies of the staff and placing them accordingly. 3. Creating and setting up the overall structure of the HR Department with its divisions into Recruitment, Compensation and Benefits, Payroll & Accounting, Training and Development and Legal Counsel. 4. Having knowledge of what each HR staff member is doing, his or her responsibility areas and assigning duties and goals to each area and each employee through his or her reporting authority. Management Responsibilities: 1. To see that the HR Department is working as a cohesive unit and meeting its generally accepted responsibilities. 2. To look after the Administrative functions that invariably form a part of HR duties and responsibilities. 3. To act in compliance with company guidelines on good corporate governance and ethical behavior. 4. To guarantee and ensure employee confidentiality of events reported, as and when required. 5. To act as the custodian of HR policies and procedures, preparation and updating of the HR Manual and communicating all revised policies throughout the organization with the approval of the CEO/CFO or other relevant Head of Departments. 6. To liaise with Payroll, Accounting, and Administration staff to see that salaries, bonuses, increments and deductions are made on a timely basis and in accordance with legal and tax guidelines. 7. To take disciplinary action where and when required, in conformity with organizational policy and management directives, involving legal counsel as needed. 8. To participate in salary surveys within the industry, incorporating these into increment and bonus packages for employees. 9. To take employee satisfaction surveys and monitor employee morale. 10. To create a suc cession plan for key management staff and keep senior management informed of staff turnover at all levels. Qualifications: Bachelors or Masters in Psychology, Human Relations or Organizational Development. Experience of at least 10 years in handling Human Resources or Administration related functions- with at least 5 years in a middle to a senior management position. Must have completed the requirements of the CIPD and SHRM and be a member of these organizations. Working Conditions: 1. Must be a confident and competent individual, a self-starter willing and able to work without supervision, both individually and as part of a team. 2. Must be able to create, organize and manage a team of competent HR professionals that hold value for the organization. 3. Must be able to work long hours when required, with considerable human interaction at all levels within the organization. Work Schedules: The position is normally a 9 to 5 job; however being a management position, the working hours c an be extended from time to time as necessary in order to perform the requirements of the job. Management positions do not attract overtime.  

The British Invasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The British Invasion - Essay Example The chords of their music were also simple (but beautiful) that everybody can relate. The themes of the lyrics of their music are also universal that anybody can relate whatever the generation, background or orientation of the listener. Themes like love and hope contained in the lyrics Let it Be and Here There and Everywhere are universal human aspiration that will always find an audience regardless of generation. Yes it is. The combination of skiffle, rock and roll, folk and to some extent jazz that characterizes the music of the Beatles still have a following in this generation and such, it is still applicable today. The Beatles were also real artists. Meaning, they wrote their own song, composed their music and arranged their own melodies unlike with many of today’s performers whose music pre-made by recording companies and they are just asked to perform. In fact, artists who make their own music are more esteemed today. Are there any non-American bands or performers that you regularly listen to today and how does their national identity figure into their music and public presentation (are you aware of the nationality of your favorite bands)?   I listened to Bob Marley. Yes I am very much aware about his national identity and his brand of music. He is a Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. His national identity influenced his genre of music which reggae. I believe that Bob Marley is Jamaica’s equivalent of Beatles in Great Britain. He is very popular even outside Jamaica and his music also finds audience in different generation. Their music are timeless (finds new audience in every generation) and can cross varying cultures speaking about the same themes of human experience such as frustration in No Woman No Cry, love and hope in Redemption Song and One Love that would always touch audience whatever generation or nationality they may belong. His presentation also speaks well of

Critical Analysis of a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Analysis of a short story - Essay Example According to MacLean, like the spaceship, â€Å"Explorer†, patriarchy appears to be a psychological intrusion in postmodern society (Davin 23-7). Obviously at the heart of this desire lies the prerequisite of being beautiful in body according to some stereotypes predetermined by the male dominated society. McLean asserts that women themselves are psychologically encoded to think of themselves i.e. their self-esteem, identity, body, existence in the society, in a male way. In essence, McLean’s portrayal of gender echoes Judith Butler’s concept of â€Å"Gender Performativity†. For her, gender identity is not something biological or natural. Rather it involves the development of a woman’s identity through the society-defined codes of sex-oriented performance. Again she acknowledges that human â€Å"body† or â€Å"sex† is not a â€Å"mute facticity† that exclusively depends on the organic features of a man. Rather Butler assumes that the gender identity and the differentiation between sexes are made through repeated socio-cultural discourses and actions. According to her, these discourses and actions persistently stylize the body in a certain gender cast, as in the first chapter of â€Å"Gender Trouble† Butler says, â€Å"Gender is the repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated acts within a highly rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearance of substance, of a n atural sort of being† (43). In the fantasy world of science fiction, MacLean masterfully manipulates an unusual phenomenon of contagion to delve deep into human psychology. Yet her story reveals much of the heart of patriarchy. Though MacLean does not hold patriarchy responsible directly, the female characters of her story are nourished psychologically by patriarchy. Most of the female characters are accustomed to think in a male way (Davin 19-20). While patriarchy considers female body as an object of male desire, the women in the

Transfer From Hofstra Essay Example for Free

Transfer From Hofstra Essay I have come to a point in life that many people have not.   I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams.   While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck.   Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone.   After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far better achieved at this prestigious University. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Hofstra University a   and made the most of it.   One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for academic excellence while balancing life with other activities and contributions.   I am proud of my academic record at Hofstra University, where I maintained a 3.35 GPA, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time employment and community service.   Yet I feel that in order to reach my full potential I need to be in an environment that best caters to my interests and goals. The world is fast becoming a borderless place.   Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications.   In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity.   My former school, Hofstra University, did not have the same diversity that I see environment where cultural diversity is promoted.     This is why I believe that this educational environment is the perfect place for me.   Not only does this University exceed my expectations but it is also enjoys a global reputation. I have learned from my parents two â€Å"laws†: the law of learning and the law of giving. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced this University is a great fit for â€Å"the law of learning.†Ã‚   That is why I believe that this move is a crucial step for me.   My success and my accomplishments here will herald the beginning of the fulfillment of my personal and professional goals. It is said that the one thing that nobody can ever take away from you is your education and that is the one thing that I plan to not only gain for myself but for others as well.   I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to this model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply business skills to effect social change.† I bring to this campus a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited from a multi-cultural mentoring program in high school.   As an open-minded student, I believe I am able to contribute to not only the cultural diversity, but also the global views of the learning community.   My experience and perspective will greatly benefit those that I will be able to interact with on campus.   I look forward to the rich academic and cultural experience that this fine University has to offer. I have also always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities.   I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious â€Å"joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution.† That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will be able to contribute to the campus community if given the opportunity to do so. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance.   There are those, however, who are unfortunate in life and therefore I also believe in helping others who do not have much in life.   I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed.   I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me.   I believe that this academic environment is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities.   I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application.

Social Penetration Essay -- Psychology Essays

Social Penetration "Decisions about self-disclosure - whether to reveal one's thoughts, feelings, or past experiences to another person, or the level of intimacy of such disclosure - are part of the everyday life of most persons" (Derlega and Berg, 1987, p. ix). The decisions one makes on the issue of whether or not to self-disclose with others affects not only the types of relationships one will have with others and how they are perceived, but also how well they know themselves. Clearly, self-disclosure plays a major role in the development of close relationships. Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, the theorists behind Social Penetration theory, recognized this fact and designed their theory to illustrate and explain this process of self-disclosure through social penetration. In this paper, I will explain Altman and Taylor's Social Penetration theory and the framework behind it, offer come critiques that have been made about the theory by other communication scholars, and present examples of studies conducted using the ideas of social penetration. To understand the idea of Social Penetration theory, one must first understand the ideas behind it, and more specifically, its framework. The theory focuses around the idea that within every relationship social penetration processes exist. Altman and Taylor (1973) explain that these processes include "verbal exchange, nonverbal use of the body, use of the physical environment, and interpersonal perceptions - all of which are exhibited at different levels of intimacy of encounter" (p. 3). The goal of Social Penetration theory is to describe the "formation, maintenance, and dissolution of close relationships" (Derlega & Berg, 1987, p. 5). According to the theory, the form... ...ocial penetration theory. I used Griffin's text mainly as a source for my critiques of the theory. Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self-disclosure: an experimental analysis of the transparent self. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This publication is another psychology oriented edition about self-disclosure. I didn't use any information from this book because it was all repetition from the other sources I gathered. I used the other source information because I found it more reputable. Tannen, D. (1986). That's not what I mean! How conversational style makes or breaks relationships. New York, NY: Ballantine. Deborah Tannen, the author, is the theorist behind genderlects. The only information I used from this book was the quote about the differences between how men and women are seasoned to communicate. Nothing else was relevant to my topic.

Polar Bears :: essays research papers

Habitat Polar bears prefer to live in extremely cold artic climates. They live only in the Northern Hemisphere, on the arctic ice cap, and they spend most of their time on coastal areas. Polar bears are widely spread in Canada, extending from the northern arctic islands south to the Hudson Bay area. They are also found in Greenland, on islands off the shore of Norway, on the northern coast of the former Soviet Union, and on the northern and northwestern coasts of Alaska in the United States. Physical Features The polar bear is one the largest members of the bear family. Males Polar Bears stand from eight to 11 feet tall and generally weigh from 500 to 1,000 pounds, but can weigh as much as 1,400 pounds. Female bears generally stand eight feet tall and weigh 400 to 600 pounds, except some, which can reach 700 pounds. The reason the polar bear weighs so much is that is stores about a four-inch layer of fat to keep it warm. The polar bear has a long, narrower head and nose, and small ears. The polar bear has coat that appears white but, each individual hair is actually a clear and hollow. This helps the polar bear keep warm. The polar bear's coat helps it blend in with its snowy surroundings, this adaptation helps the Polar Bear hide while hunting. The polar bear's front legs are slightly pigeon-toed, and fur covers the bottoms of its paws. These adaptations help the polar bear keep them from slipping on ice. Diet The polar bear rarely eats plants. That is why it is considered a carnivore, or meat-eater. The ringed seal is the polar bear's primary prey. A polar bear hunts a seal by waiting quietly for it to emerge from an opening a seal makes in the ice allowing them to breathe or climb out of the water to rest. Polar bears eat only the seal's skin and blubber of the seal. The remaining meat provides a food source for other animals in the Arctic. Polar bears also prey on young walrus’s. The remains of whale, seal, and walrus are also important sources of food for polar bears. In fact, because of their acute sense of smell, polar bears can sense animal remains from far away. Breeding Breeding usually takes place in April to June. Polar bears reach breeding maturity at three to five years of age.

Culture-Bound Syndromes

Mental health functioning is important regarding a person’s well-being, being able to interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to individual’s through communities and society. Culture-bound syndromes are conditions that are specific to particular cultures. The cultures that experience, express, and deal with culture-bound syndromes in different ways is extremely common. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) state that â€Å"culture-bound syndromes are clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than others† (p. 01). There are symptoms that are found in all nations, cultures, and similarly recognizable worldwide but yet are different at the same time. Culture-Bound Syndromes Culture-bound syndromes, also known as culture-specific syndromes, have been defined as â€Å"clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than in other cultural groups† (LaVeist & Thomas, 2005, p. 101). Although many mental disorders are well known in sp ecific cultures, these disorders are at least somewhat conditioned by the culture in which they are found.More importantly, the topic of culture-bound syndromes has â€Å"been a controversial topic since they have reflected the different opinions of anthropologists and psychiatrists† (WHO, 1992). Consequently, researchers have had some difficulty emphasizing culture specific dimensions of certain syndromes. Some studies have suggested that the most beneficial aspect of defining culture-bound syndromes is that they represent an acceptable way to define specific cultural responses to certain situations.According to Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999), â€Å"researchers have referred to culture bound research on culture-bound syndromes serves strategically to tighten the integration between cultural and clinical knowledge, while providing insights into issues of diagnostic universality and culturally specificity† (p. 1326). The role of biology in the development of culture-bound syndromes, therefore, has proved to be of debate. Interest in culture-bound syndromes has increased over the last few decades.Similarly the treatment in a diagnostic classification treatment of these disorders has over the last several years gained attention (Guarnaccia & Rogler, 1999). Clinicians are presented with plenty of challenges when dealing with culture-bound syndromes such as how to diagnose them. Several questions clinicians present include the stability of culture-bound syndromes, the common nature of these disorders across cultures, and the similarity of symptoms between syndromes (APA, 1994).Similarly, the question of whether culture-bound syndromes should be included in the diagnostic criteria of current psychological illnesses or as individual entities themselves is also debatable (APA, 1994). Another issue concerns the relationship between culture bound syndromes and standard diagnostic systems such as the DSM. Of specific concern is that they do not easily con form to the categories within the DSM due to significant differences across cultures.These differences are due to differing views of self and reality as well as the different ways cultures express certain disorders (APA, 1994). Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) referring to the DSM classification system in that it addresses certain concerns about differing cultural boundaries, and in dealing with the classification methods certainly deal with the reliability and validity of the non-universality of cultural experiences in relation to mental illnesses.The fact that each culture-bound syndrome is individually associated with particular sets of illness responses, it is difficult to define precisely the definition of the culture-bound syndromes as a unit. Culture-bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the dynamic nature of culture-bound syndromes when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there are recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide.Mental health researchers have not yet been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes are indicative of one or more possibilities that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in which the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders, or any combination of these. (pp. 01) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not all disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and communicating distress to members of a certain culture and are seen as culturally accepted responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in various ways that may counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermor e, at times these cultural differences are referred to as idioms of distress.Understanding the expression of these idioms (for example somatization, which is a physical representation of distress that is typically accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness or vertigo, and blurred vision) allows clinicians to be more aware of the diagnoses they give (LaVeist & Thomas, 2005). Culture-bound syndromes can also appear to be similar within several cultures. Furthermore, a culture specific syndrome can be categorized by various things.The APA (1994) characterizes culture specific syndromes as the following: categorization as a disease in the culture, familiarity within a widespread culture, people with lack of familiarity of specific conditions from other cultures, and the use of folk medicines that particular cultures use as a conditioned sense of usage within a specific culture. More specifically, culture-bound syndromes are not the same as geographically localized diseases with specific biological causes, such as kuru or sleeping sickness, or genetic conditions limited to certain populations, like sickle cell anemia (APA, 1994).Discussions of culture-bound syndromes have often concerned the amount of different categories of syndromes present in the world today. Many culture-bound syndromes are actually specific cultural representations of illnesses found elsewhere in the world. Some of these responses are not necessarily psychological illnesses but rather are explanatory mechanisms like witchcraft (Simons & Hughes, 1985). Beliefs in witchcraft could seem to be a little farfetched as a type of culture-bound illness; however, it is supposed that witchcraft can lead to behaviors that can be seen as disordered.This concept is of particular concern to medical and psychiatric anthropologists because culture-bound syndromes provide examples of how cultural specific symptoms can evolve into psychological illnesses. Just because these responses may not begin as disorders, however, does not devalue the fact that they are illnesses and should be taken seriously (Simons & Hughes, 1985). The American Psychiatric Association (1994), states that the Western scientific perspective characterizes culture specific syndromes as imaginary and has no way of clearly being able to show why someone cannot understand that perspective.According to the APA (1994), physicians will share many things about a disorder with the patients and help them try to understand how they see their particular disorder; they also use folk medicine treatment if the patient asks for that if it is a culture-bound syndrome. Another thing is that a physician may falsify a patients perspective to offer folk medicine treatments that are available or maybe for a new and improved treatment strategy. Lastly, the clinician should educate the patient on being able to recognize their condition as a culture-bound syndrome so that the clinician m ay treat them as they see fit.Guarnaccia and Rogler (1994) said that specific conditions are very challenging within medical care and illustrate rarely discussed aspects of fundamental aspects of physician to patient relationships, a diagnosis that is the best fit for the way of looking at the body and its diseases are easily negotiated if both parties can be found. Restrictions of the diagnostic classification systems of culture-bound syndromes have complications with certain additions within the iagnostic classification systems and have raised many questions. It is not quite clear on whether culture-bound syndromes are actually different from conventional syndromes or if they are just categorically different. Some people like to argue that some culture-bound syndromes are not just limited to specific cultures but are widely experienced throughout the world. Many of the syndromes that have been labeled as culture- bound are compromised by many mixtures of indicators that have been witnessed collectively.Culture-bound syndromes are lacking in diagnostic regularity and legitimacy making it extremely difficult to reach widespread straightforward criteria to describe these illnesses because of problems in language. â€Å"In the development of the DSM, its designers tried to create a diagnostic system that was well-suited with a broader and more worldwide medical organization system that is, the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) developed by the World Health Organization† (WHO, 1992).Therefore, the DSM implements a medical model of diagnosis for which many mental disorders, regardless of whether their background is biological or psychological, is viewed as mental illnesses and requires treatment. Furthermore, this model is implicit and assuming that mental disorders are under the compromise of behavioral or psychological symptoms that can form definable patterns or distinct forms of a particular syndrome (Guarnacc ia & Rogler, 1994).The authors of the DSM definitely made a careful choice to accept a clear-cut categorization of mental illnesses. It is important to notice, however, that the DSM does not make the assumption that all mental disorders are discreet entities with absolutely no boundaries. Finally, before methodology is discussed, examples of what culture-bound syndromes actually are is important to include. The case of Koro â€Å"provides an example of shifting diagnostic classifications because of changing decisions about which symptoms are predominant.For example, Koro was first categorized as a somatoform disorder on the basis of the perception of the afflicted person’s intense preoccupation with a somatic concern, the retraction of the penis† (Bernstein & Gaw, 1990). â€Å"More recently, Koro was categorized as an anxiety disorder and noted that others have associated Koro with panic disorders† (Levine & Gaw, 1995, p. 1323). Second, the debate of the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric disorders according to symptoms is evident in the case of Latah Levine & Gaw, 1995). More specifically, â€Å"a debate about Latah focuses on which theoretical perspective should prevail; Simons and Hughes argued that the predominant feature of Latah is the neurophysiological startle reflex, culturally elaborated into Latah in Malaysia† (Simons & Hughes, 1985, p. 1323). Therefore, each disorder represents responses specific to certain cultures while also explaining the different ways cultures respond to events. MethodUnderstanding culture-bound syndromes requires looking at multiple sources that give a broad range of information regarding the topic. For this paper I felt that it was necessary to use the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders because it gives plenty of information regarding culture-bound syndromes. The Diagnostic and Statistical Ma nual of Mental Disorders is extremely useful in the fact that it allows a health educator to become more acquainted with culture-bound syndromes that are unique and unusual to our specific field of study.Guarnaccia and Rogler and their research on culture-bound syndromes is informational in that they give a comprehensive look at culture-bound syndromes through the classification system and allow one to focus more on specific syndromes, such as Koro and Latah. LaVeist and Thomas from Chapter 5 in Minority Populations and Health are really informational along the lines of mental health, mental illness, and mental health problems.They give a more thorough explanation of basic background information on the previously stated information and topics and yet still remain in-depth when looking at specific aspects of mental health. They describe mental health, mental health problems, and mental illness in more detail and allow for the interpretation of others reading their work to help fuel o ne’s own judgments on those topics. I also used various sources to address other topics relevant to culture-bound syndromes. For example, Bernstein and Gaw specifically addressed Koro, which I used as an example of a culture-bound syndrome.Another example, Simon and Hughes addressed Latah, I felt it was necessary to use examples of both Koro and Latah to help show what culture-bound syndromes were exactly and what they meant to cultures that were not American and how the cultures that were affected by these syndromes. The method I used for identifying and locating sources mainly dealt with trying to find a broad aspect of culture-bound syndromes and basic information on this particular subject. The rationale for choosing the specific sources was along the lines of being able to find enough useable information that could allow me to get my points across.When searching the electronic databases and the library at Central Arkansas University I was mainly looking for a broad range of topics that could fulfill the various information needs I had for this paper. I wanted to look at the topic on multiple levels, including cross-cultural, the way culture-bound syndromes affect others, and the ways in which these disorders are specifically associated with mental illness. Analysis & Discussion The grouping of culture-bound syndromes into qualified diagnostic categories usually is based on a perception of their principal indicators.But the bigger issue itself of classifying a majority of symptoms is definitely challenging, as exemplified in the cases of Koro and Latah. Problems most definitely arose when conclusions were built on general, typical descriptions of the syndrome that are then linked with the textbook criteria of psychiatric diagnoses. The present method of studying the same set of readings and engaging in the classification process with them does not, from my viewpoint, promote the consideration of culture-bound syndromes.The approach of trying to find the right classificatory organization by basing it on the similarity between certain symptoms that include maybe one or two of the same grouping within the syndrome as well as the DSM groupings as the main organizing arrangement of significance to the culture-bound syndromes is not expected to produce new answers to the questions about the classification system. There are many syndromes that have different names that are seen from a variety of cultures that are basically the same set of behaviors, but culturally are explained in slightly different ways.Occasionally, on certain remote instances the arrangement of the behavior that is recognized as a culture-bound syndrome occurs in an area that is far from individuals where the termed and elaborated syndrome is an endemic. Conclusion & Recommendations Some major challenges that can help the classification system out is that the same distress responses may be stated differently as a result of cultural cues, language variances , and changes in experience.In addition, the American Psychiatric Association (1994) notes that some examples of cultural structuring and or human behavior knowledge regarding illnesses are stated in Western classification systems more commonly known as the DSM. Thus, the challenge to categorize culture bound syndromes, whether as diverse syndromes or as part of an already categorized illness, is an activity that is inseparably tied to a certain culture. Also it has been suggested the ways that cultures and their social methods can limit the expansion of an internationally valid system of identification.Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) suggests that classification of culture-bound syndromes are better than recording symptoms due to the fact that examining the context and symbolic structure of cultural reactions yield a better turnout. The main themes of most discussions over culture-bound syndromes is that such illnesses personalize symptom patterns that are somewhat linked in some sign ificant way to the specific cultural setting in which they have occurred within.Because most of the syndromes are separate from the theoretical outlook of the Western medicine systems, they are quite often disregarded in serious analyses and therefore are carelessly overlooked for helpful mediations. These disorders appear to reside in a figurative twilight zone of psychiatric diagnosis and are viewed as highly mysterious. To nearly everyone, the behavior and outlooks common to one’s own culture seem natural and/or rational in most parts, while those derived from other cultures appear abnormal, culture-specific, or arising from irregular conditions.Most clinicians are more than likely to think through the justification of culture when presenting a patient’s problem, especially when he or she is from a cultural setting other than the clinician’s own. However, cultural factors are a considerable part of every disorder and expressive in the outlook of specific comp onents. Nonetheless, all psychiatric illnesses are culture bound to a certain degree. The divisions of psychiatric illnesses of culture-bound syndromes are those found only in inadequate cultural areas.Though culture does shape all illness behavior, it is always hypothetically informative to ask why any given syndrome appears to be present or not in a given culture. In recent years, the mindfulness of cultural diversity and of the role of culture in all illnesses has greatly been improved. Because of the interpretations into the relationships between individual psychopathology and culturally firm practices and beliefs that the study of culture-bound syndromes offers, an interest in these syndromes has grown greatly over the past several years.Health educators in dealing with culture-bound syndromes would be able to help Center for Disease Control officials in many aspects. Since culture-bound syndromes are very common among many cultures around the world, health educators who deal w ith particular syndromes could help assess and implement many programs that can help with assessing many syndromes that afflict many cultures throughout the world. In a classroom setting, health educators can teach students how to spot syndromes and treat them to an extent in which helps their particular culture, community or society.Health education programs that are implemented within colleges and universities can stress that culture-bound syndromes are very serious and need to be treated like any other mental health disease that we as educators deal with and try to diagnose every day. I believe that policies and procedures that are already implemented within our culture are doing a good job in trying to handle culture-bound syndromes. Educationally, I believe that there are definitely some great programs that try to help with identifying and dealing with culture-bound syndromes.References American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental D isorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV. Washington, DC. Bernstein, R. L. , & Gaw, A. C. (1990). Koro: proposed classification for DSM-IV. 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